The Effects of Underage Drinking on the Brain

The Effects of Underage Drinking on the Brain Corey Negin, Devin Glim, Aman Gill, Helen Marzec, Kimberly Dias Keywords: Alcohol, Brain, Development, Hippocampus, Frontal areas, Cerebellum, Neuroplasticity, Addiction, Deleterious behaviour and Chronic consumption. Rational/Goal: This video will fixate on alcohol, but will explore the effects of underage drinking on the brain, targeted to teenagers. Underage drinking is widespread as adolescents undergo stressful developmental transitional periods rendering them vulnerable to alcohol consumption. Research indicates that adolescents consume a lot of their alcohol intake by binge drinking, which has detrimental effects upon brain development, as brain maturity and refinement is not finalized until an individual reaches their mid-twenties. Subsequently, the brain development compromised by chronic alcohol consumption can promote deleterious behaviours that persist into adulthood and future functioning. Description/Summary: We will first describe the regions in the brain affected by alcohol consumption. Early in development, the brain creates as many synaptic connections as possible. However, development then shifts to creating efficient neural pathways. Our video will delve into the heightened neuroplasticity that occurs within adolescence. This is a duration by which the prefrontal cortex undergoes myelination and extensive synaptic pruning. The prefrontal cortex governs decision-making and concentration. However, periods of binge drinking have been shown to cause significant white matter loss and myelin damage within the prefrontal cortex. Our video will describe the importance of myelination and how myelin sheath aids in increasing nerve impulse speed. Thereafter, we will denote that a compromise within the nerves ability to conduct impulses would result in cognitive impairment. We will then continue onto the structural and functional changes that the hippocampus incurs due to u nderage drinking; specifically, an increase in immature dendritic spines whereby the branches off the nerve cells appear long and thin. The hippocampus is crucial for learning and memory. This therefore cultivates alcohol-induced memory deficits. Furthermore, the altered brain functioning appears to be irreversible. Additional evidence exhibits a thinner prefrontal cortex and smaller hippocampus within adolescent drinking individuals, relative to the age the alcohol consumption began. Script: (Skit beginning)-45secs (Start of party scene; incoherent speaking) (Sees person two stammering, falling over the table, and trying to stand properly) 1: Are you okay? 2: Ye aaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Im more than okay! Im gr e aaa t! (Swinging an alcoholic beverage around) Heyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ heyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. (Points towards friend and walks over to them struggling, falling over) Dont you feel great too? 3: Yeah, I feel awesome man! Heyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ eve ee ryo on e! Le ts taake shoots s! Everyone: Yeah! (Shots by LMFAO playing) 1: Dont you think youve had enough? 2: You can never have enough! (Takes 3 shots in a row) (Continues dancing to the music [Shots by lmfao]) 1: Sure, but dont you also have a paper due on Friday? 2: Do I? I forgot Its okay, I still have a day to do it 1: Its 10 pages 2: What was on again? 1: You dont remember? 2: More relevant things are on my mind, like how great this alcohol is 3: (Nodding in agreement, 3 1 toast with their shot glasses) (Continues to dance, however, while dancing backwards, 2 hits the 3, and both fall face forward, blacking out) [Cut to dream-like scene when 2 is older in university, conducting thesis on underage drinking] Main: 1. Describe brain regions affected by alcohol consumption (eg. prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, cerebellum) [Both structural functional changes) Hippocampus: learning memory (learning new information would become difficult; transfer from short term to long term memory [propagating blackouts]) -Kim- 30secs Many regions of the brain, including the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex, are actively developing throughout ones adolescence, and are therefore more susceptible to damage due to alcohol consumption. The hippocampus is a small part of your brain that processes and stores memories. Drinking excessive alcohol can affects ones ability to form new memories, and hold on to new information. This is because alcohol can impair your brains ability to transfer new learned information from your short term to your long term memory (Hiller-Sturmhà ¶fel, Swartzwelder, 2004). As a result, you may be able to remember whats happening in the moment during a night of drinking, but may find it hard to recall the events that occurred that night the following day. Alcohol can also affect your ability to form new explicit memories, which are memories of facts such as names and phone numbers, or events, like what you did last night. Excessive drinking can cause excessive damage to the hippocampus, resul ting in blackouts: periods of time that you cannot remember what happened at all. (Anderson et al., 2009). Finally, studies have shown a correlation between excessive drinking and a decrease in hippocampus size in the brain. (Debellis et al., 2000). Frontal areas: impulses, thinking through consequences (poor decision making, lack of self control)- Aman -30secsAs soon as we take that shot of vodka, one of the first parts of the brain the alcohol will affect is the frontal lobe, specifically the prefrontal cortex. The prefrontal cortex involves planning complex cognitive behaviour, attention, and decision making (Abernathy, Chandler, Woodward, 2010). Therefore, it should come to no surprise that alcohols profound effects on the prefrontal cortex, ultimately impair our ability to make rational decisions, as well as our reasoning and judgement! In fact, George, Rogers Duka, conducted a study among social drinkers to assess the decisions they made through various gambling tasks. They concluded that acute alcohol intake lead them to make significantly more risky decisions (George, Rogers, Duka, 2005). To add, another study conducted on the effects of adolescent binge drinking and decision making showed a high association between r elatively more disadvantageous decisions and those who started binge drinking at an early age (Goudriaan, Grekin, Sher, 2007). So how exactly does alcohol lead us to tell our crush how obsessed we are with them? The prefrontal cortex inhibits cortical and subcortical structures, which help prevent us from the urges to say something socially unacceptable (Munakata et al., 2011). Alcohol affects the NMDA glutamate receptors by inhibiting these same inhibitory effects of the prefrontal cortex, essentially making us disinhibited (Tu et al., 2007)! Cerebellum: motor control (balance; difficulties standing or walking)- Devin 20secsAlong with the hippocampus and frontal areas, the cerebellum may also be affected by heavy adolescent alcohol consumption. The cerebellums main functions are to control motor function while also participating in cognitive learning related to spatial awareness (Doya, 2000). This is why we have difficulties walking, standing, or even preventing our drink from accidentally spilling on our crush as we tell them how much we like them! Unfortunately, these difficulties can become long-lasting as alcohol can change the biochemical function of the cerebellum (Ward et al., 2009). Microglia levels (the brains immune cells) also increase in response to alcohol exposure, resulting in an increase in the inflammation of the surrounding brain tissue, leading to eventual long term neuronal death (Riikonen et al., 2002) 2. Heightened neuroplasticity that occurs during adolescent brain development (myelination, synaptic pruning; see letter of intent for more)- 30secs 3. The brain isnt fully developed until 25 years old thereby critical development is interrupted [Explain the long term lasting consequences]- 30secs Adolescence is a time between childhood and adulthood whereby neural development is composed by physical, psychological and social changes marking this a period of vulnerability and adjustment (Bourque et al., 2016). It also marks a time of increased emotional reactivity and sensitivity which contributes to a greater degree of addiction during the developmental period (Bourque et al., 2016; Case, Jones, Hare, 2008). Indeed, neuroplasticity, the ability to form new neural connections, is influenced by the environment, and particularly within adolescence when the brain is still within development (Hiller-Sturmhà ¶fel Swartzwelder, 2004). The cognitive development that occurs during adolescence is linked to greater cognitive control and modulation whereby increased activation in the prefrontal regions is indicative of maturity (Bourque et al., 2016; Case, Jones, Hare, 2008). However, adolescents indulge in deleterious and high-risk behaviour such as binge drinking which significant ly impair the neuroplasticity of the brain, involving the myelination of the prefrontal fiber tracts (Clark, Thatcher, Tapert, 2008). As myelin sheath aids in increasing nerve impulse speed, a compromise within the nerves ability to conduct impulses results in cognitive impairment. The rational portion of an adolescents brain isnt fully developed until 25 years old therefore obstructing connections in the prefrontal cortex hinders the adolescents social and mental health trajectories for years to come. 4. Susceptibility to addiction (Underage drinkers are 4x more likely to develop an addiction to alcohol, as opposed to an individual who waits until legal drinking age) [Basically the conclusion? Can also do a bit of an introduction about binge drinking in general to lead into the portion about the structural/functional changes that occur]-30secs Corey To wrap things up, underage drinkers are 4x more likely to develop an addiction to alcohol as opposed to an individual who waits until legal drinking age to start consuming! As a result, binge drinking can start to develop, which is the consumption of excess amounts of alcohol in a short period of time. Binge drinking can lead to many structural and functional changes such as difficulty walking, blurred vision, slurred speech, slowed reaction times and impaired memory. It is important to note that maturational changes in brain anatomy, connectivity, and function continue well into late adolescence. To date, imaging studies using different modalities have consistently reported that alcohol use during adolescence is associated with abnormalities in brain structure, function and connectivity. Furthermore, the altered brain functioning appears to be irreversible. Additional evidence exhibits a thinner prefrontal cortex and smaller hippocampus within adolescent drinking individuals, relat ive to the age the alcohol consumption began.So is it really worth it? I dont think so! Yes you are a teenager but I promise you, you dont need alcohol to have fun! (Skit ending)-20secs 2 wakes up to people looking over him 3: Hey man, are you okay? 2: Yeah, I think so 3: Are you down to take another shot? The alcohol is almost finished, and I saved the best for last 2: (Thinks back to what has happened) 2: No, its okay I have a paper to doà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (Scratches head; zooming in on face) 2: (Face expression displayed is sort of like this: https://media.giphy.com/media/pai7N0iFj01CU/giphy.gif) Camera zooms out; scene fades to black) Examples of videos with alike infrastructure relative to alcohol the developing brain: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EY37BFmVxwQ (Animation) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g2gVzVIBc_g (Animation) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j_Pe4R9Myu4 (Animation; brain scans shown) Member Contributions: All 5 group members equally contributed to the research and writing of the script for this video. Helen is the facilitator for the knowledge translation video, and is responsible for the part of the video pertaining to the heightened neuroplasticity that occurs during development. Aman is responsible for the portion that covers the effects of alcohol on the prefrontal cortex, and Kimberly is responsible for the effects of alcohol on the hippocampus and memory. Devin is responsible for alcohols effect on the cerebellum and motor control, and Corey for Conclusion and take home messages. Helen will also be narrating the audio for the video, while we all will be involved in the production of the skit, and editing of the video cuts and final video. Finally, all 5 group members will be equally contributing to the production and editing of this video. References Abernathy, K., Chandler, L. J., Woodward, J. J. (2010). Alcohol and the prefrontal cortex. International review of neurobiology, 91, 289-320. Anderson, P., De Bruijn, A., Angus, K., Gordon, R., Hastings, G. (2009). Impact of alcohol advertising and media exposure on adolescent alcohol use: a systematic review of longitudinal studies. Alcohol and alcoholism, 44(3), 229-243. Bourque, J., Baker, T., Dagher, A., Evans, A., Garavan, H., Leyton, M. et al. (2016). Effects of delaying binge drinking on adolescent brain development: a longitudinal neuroimaging study. BMC Psychiatry, 16(1). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12888-016-1148-3 Casey, B. J., Jones, R. M., Hare, T. A. (2008). The adolescent brain. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1124(1), 111-126. Clark, D. B., Thatcher, D. L., Tapert, S. F. (2008). Alcohol, psychological dysregulation, and adolescent brain development. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 32(3), 375-385. De Bellis, M. D., Clark, D. B., Beers, S. R., Soloff, P. H., Boring, A. M., Hall, J., Keshavan, M. S. (2000). Hippocampal volume in adolescent-onset alcohol use disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry, 157(5), 737-744. Doya, K. (2000). Complementary roles of basal ganglia and cerebellum in learning and motor control. Current opinion in neurobiology, 10(6), 732-739. George, S., Rogers, R. D., Duka, T. (2005). The acute effect of alcohol on decision making in social drinkers. Psychopharmacology, 182(1), 160-169. Goudriaan, A. E., Grekin, E. R., Sher, K. J. (2007). Decision making and binge drinking: a longitudinal study. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 31(6), 928-938. Hiller-Sturmhà ¶fel, S., Swartzwelder, H.S. (2004). Alcohols Effects on the Adolescent Brain-What Can Be Learned From Animal Models. Alcohol Research and Health, 28(4), 213-221 Munakata, Y., Herd, S. A., Chatham, C. H., Depue, B. E., Banich, M. T., OReilly, R. C. (2011). A unified framework for inhibitory control. Trends in cognitive sciences, 15(10), 453-459. Riikonen, J., Jaatinen, P., Rintala, J., Pà ¶rsti, I., Karjala, K., Hervonen, A. (2002). Intermittent ethanol exposure increases the number of cerebellar microglia. Alcohol and alcoholism, 37(5), 421-426. Squeglia, L. M., Jacobus, J., Tapert, S. F. (2009). The influence of substance use on adolescent brain development. Clinical EEG and neuroscience, 40(1), 31-38. Tu, Y., Kroener, S., Abernathy, K., Lapish, C., Seamans, J., Chandler, L. J., Woodward, J. J. (2007). Ethanol inhibits persistent activity in prefrontal cortical neurons. Journal of Neuroscience, 27(17), 4765-4775. Ward, R. J., Lallemand, F., De Witte, P. (2009). Biochemical and neurotransmitter changes implicated in alcohol-induced brain damage in chronic or binge drinking alcohol abuse. Alcohol and Alcoholism, 44(2), 128-135.

An Argument for Morality: a Critique

A New Argument for Morality: A Critique The Prince, one of the first works of modern philosophy, was written in the genre of political doctrine: the Mirror of Princes. This style was reflected in the works of many writers of antiquity, such as Seneca and Isocrates, extending as far back as to the apices of traditional Western culture and civilization in Rome and Greece. As The Prince derives its thought from classical roots of political thought, its originality is questionable.The third chapter of The Prince was the foundation of Rafael Major’s argument in A New Argument for Morality as it is â€Å"a kind of intellectual cornerstone for all modern political thought. † It must be analyzed in an attempt to evaluate the moral teaching of the entire book. It remains one of the only places in the book to describe the actions of the prince to be limited and guided by natural necessities and desires.Through the observance of this chapter, Machiavelli must be compared to the wr iters of antiquity to heighten awareness of his lack of originality. We are forced to re-examine both the â€Å"realism† exuded in The Prince and the â€Å"idealism† Machiavelli so opposed in the ancients as he himself claimed that they also taught many of the same lessons found in his book. Also read this  Critique of Stuff Is Not SalvationThrough such examinations, we must ultimately judge the character of Machiavelli’s pursuit to expose the â€Å"harshest truths of political life. † However, one must begin by revisiting the actual thoughts of antiquity, its neglected realism, and supposed â€Å"idealism. † Major accomplishes this by composing a parody of The Prince by concatenating many sources of ancient texts regarding political philosophy into a work closely resembling the teachings in The Prince.For instance, in Plutarch’s history of Crassus it is written: â€Å"We should not worry too much about being feared because many have been feared and popular-but being feared is more powerful even when not popular,† which bears a resemblance to Machiavelli’s claim that â€Å"one should like to be both [loved] and [feared], but as it is difficult to bring them together, it is much safer to be feared than to be loved if one of the two has to be lacking. † As such an example of a passage from one of the ancient authors indicates, many of them were completely aware of the realism associated with political life.Thus, Major concludes that Machiavelli’s assessment of human nature does not suggest original thought and that Machiavelli possessed no more realism than any other classicist author. From the suitable extrapolations from ancient works of literature in Major’s parody, one can well be convinced of his reasonable claims. His examples are varied and many; they are not solely the works of a few authors. Whereas Machiavelli was too selective in the historic examples that he employed, Major has implemented as many as would make one think that he was not being selective.The crux of Major’s evaluation of the moral teaching of The Prince rests in the third chapter. In order to benefit from Machiavelli’s â€Å"moral suasion† it is imperative that one understands this chapter , which begins with the assertion of â€Å"two fundamental truths or natural conditions of political life in newly acquired characteristics. † The first natural difficulty is that in every principality, there are citizens who would willingly take arms up against their prince in the belief that they would fare better with a new prince.Machiavelli suggests that being cruel is a â€Å"natural† necessity in order to maintain the stability of a state. Major contradicts this assertion through a magnification of the first passage of chapter three. The obscurity of Machiavelli’s language makes it â€Å"impossible to discern that the second natural and ordinary necessity has even been specified,†as â€Å"the reader is only told that the second necessity of political life ‘requires that one must always offend those over whom he becomes a new prince. † The rest of the chapter, however, seems to indicate that the second natural and ordinary necessity mus t be similar to self-defence. The threat of inevitable foreign invasion establishes the necessity of preservation of one’s state by â€Å"necessary immorality. † Chapter three also introduces a change in perspective from an individual prince to the Romans. Machiavelli exemplifies the Romans as the standard for a wise prince, who ought to anticipate all present and future troubles; this is his foundation for all wise judgement.However, the Romans also had to anticipate foreign threats; thus all cruelty is excusable under the necessity of protecting themselves. Self-defence from an invasion is both a response to classical and Christian moral thinking, according to Major. It can become a â€Å"limitless licence of action,† though only prudence and vigilance offer true protection from the â€Å"natural difficulties of political life. † At the heart of Machiavelli’s political philosophy is the solution to such difficulties of political life: moral eachi ng. But the writers of antiquity, though they were realistic, envisioned an order of morality, that, according to Major, offers hope that a non-Machiavellian approach to politics exists. Rafael Major was effective in proving his thesis. Every one of his claims had textual evidence, specifically from The Prince, as support. The selection of textual support was indeed diverse; one would not be able to accuse such a varied source of texts as being selective. His argument was uniform and consi tent. Thus, I am convinced of the justice of his assertions. ——————————————– [ 1 ]. Rafael Major, â€Å"A New Argument for Morality: Machiavelli and the Ancients,† 53. [ 2 ]. Major, 52. [ 3 ]. Major, 54. [ 4 ]. Niccolo Machiavelli, The Prince, in The Prince and Other Writings, trans. Wayne A. Rebhorn (New York: Barnes and Noble Classics, 2003), 71. [ 5 ]. Major, 55. [ 6 ]. Major, 57. [ 7 ]. Machiavelli, 10. [ 8 ]. Major, 57. [ 9 ]. Ibid. 58. [ 10 ]. Ibid. 58.

Get the Scoop on Money Essay Samples Before Youre Too Late

Get the Scoop on Money Essay Samples Before You're Too Late Money Essay Samples: No Longer a Mystery One of the most difficult elements of college life is finances. Our whole life is the procedure of learning and gaining new useful understanding. Inside my opinion, it's feasible for individuals to be happy even should they have very little money and other features of life can play a more vital part in creating happiness. As university students, there're a couple of money management skills that ought to be practiced and here are a few explanations that may supply some insight or clues for one to properly manage their money in order to find the absolute most out of somebody's money. There are lots of individuals who don't wish to understand what's in their food. It's possible for you to acquire fast food on nearly every street nowadays. Help others in times of need in case you have money you may help others you require it. 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Walter White's major reason behind trying to acquire money, nevertheless, is deeper. Folks who have money are regarded as successful and extremely respected. Money certainly are not able to buy happiness. It is considered by many people to be one of the most important contributing factors towards happiness. In conclusion, it is not essential for happiness, which can be found through job satisfaction as well as famil y. Therefore, it is one of the crucial elements in human life.

Cardiology Technologist Program Free Essay Example, 750 words

ï » ¿Entrance for Cardiology Technologist Program Gaining admission into the cardiology technologist program is not just my aspiration but also an ultimate goal. The main motivation and driving force behind this aim of mine is the fact that I can be of help to people who are in the most fragile health conditions due to a failing heart. My father has cardiovascular problems and due to his ailment, my yearning to become a cardiology technologist has multiplied. I wish to explore and gain awareness of what can be done to help him and many others like him. Moreover, I had ended up in a hospital myself, a year ago, and underwent a surgery. At that instant, I realized that I wanted to do something in the medical field. Though I explored various possible fields of study in the medical profession, it did not take me long enough to conclude that cardiology is the one course I would not just be happy in, but would also be able to give it my best, both in terms of output and responsibility. Working in this field would not only bring me satisf action in life, but will also enable me in creating a better life for my daughter and me. Achievements: I have been raising a daughter on my own for the past fourteen years. We will write a custom essay sample on Cardiology Technologist Program or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now In spite of being out of school for twenty-three years with an education of only up to grade 9, I was able to pass G. E.D tests and the entrance exam for this course too. Over the past seventeen years, I have successfully worked with mentally and physically disabled children and adults through foster care. I have learnt how to change feeding buttons and perform a colostomy. I have cared for many different people at home on a daily basis, all of whom were physically and mentally challenged. I believe that the experience in handling and caring for people that I have gained over the years will go a long way in helping me develop the sensibilities and tactical expertise required for becoming an exceptionally good cardiology technologist. Personal and professional goals: Through this program, I will be able to achieve a higher education in the field of my choice, make new accomplishments and develop into a more robust and responsible individual. I will be able to live a healthier lifestyle and earn money substantially. Through this, I will be able to chart out a better life for my daughter and afford her university education. I will be able to meet new and insightful people, share ideas and experiences with them, and endeavor into new avenues that were impossible for me to traverse before. Expectations from the program: From this program, I expect to gain hands-on knowledge and expertise in cardiology. I expect great teachers who would always be ready to help if needed, good classrooms where there would be a hearty exchange of ideas and skills, and a great laboratory. On the completion of this program, I expect to be able to start working immediately and achieve the goals I have set for myself. I wish to be able to make a difference in the lives of people who are ailing from a damaged heart, and it would grant me lifelong satisfaction if I were able to save as many lives as I can. Strengths: Due to past experiences, I am emotionally stable and strong, and so, will be able to deal with the emotionally stressful situations that the job calls for. I am a great worker, even under extreme pressure and stress. I am mature and well organized, apart from being a good problem solver. I am emotionally attached and extremely passionate about this field. I am self-confident and reassuring. I have an eye for detail and enjoy working with high-end medical equipment. I respond quickly in case of emergencies and am alert at all times. I am very caring and great with people, especially those requiring medical aid. Since I have been working with disabled children and adults for the past seventeen years, I have developed a knack of handling those who are physically debilitated. To achieve my longstanding goals and ambitions, I really wish to become a successful cardiology technologist. Since I have taken this up as my ultimate goal, it is my utmost desire to be granted admission in the cardiology technologist program, so that I can bring this goal to realization. I am a hard and diligent worker and am always ready to learn. It is due to my fast learning capabilities and the ability to use resources in the most efficient way that has enabled me to achieve the strengths required to be successful in the field. I am sure that I will prove to be a worthwhile cardio-technologist, as it is my belief that everyone has the right to a healthy heart.